Age. Late Wisconsin/Holocene (Reynolds, Reynolds, et al. 1991).
Description: San Bernardino County Museum personnel collected fossils from 11 feet below datum to a depth of 45 feet below datum; stratigraphy was measured in 1-ft intervals (Reynolds, Reynolds, et al. 1991). Although there appears to have been some confusion regarding radiocarbon dates (Bell and Jass 2004), the date of 9830 ± 150 from the 21.5 ft level (Reynolds, Reynolds, et al. 1991) appears to be correct.
For most taxa, stratigraphic depth in relation to the radiocarbon date is unavailable. However, Force (1991) listed depth in meters for woodrat dentition, stating that the date was from charcoal at a depth of 7 m. Neotoma albigula was not identified below 5.7 m depth and thus is not listed below as presumptive Holocene. Goodwin and Reynolds (1989) noted depth for the sciurid rodents, all of which occurred below the radiocarbon date.
Fauna.
Osteichthyes
Gila sp.—Chubs (Reynolds, Reynolds, et al. 1991)
Chelonia
Gopherus agassizii—Agassiz's Desert Tortoise (Reynolds, Reynolds, et al. 1991)
Reptilia
Crotaphytus collaris—Eastern Collared Lizard (Reynolds, Reynolds, et al. 1991)
Gambelia wislizenii—Long-nosed Leopard Lizard (Reynolds, Reynolds, et al. 1991)
Coleonyx variegatus—Western Banded Gecko (Reynolds, Reynolds, et al. 1991)
Sauromalus ater—Chuckwalla (Reynolds, Reynolds, et al. 1991)
Sauromalus obesus
Phrynosoma platyrhinos—Desert Horned Lizards (Reynolds, Reynolds, et al. 1991)
Sceloporus magister—Spiny Lizard (Reynolds, Reynolds, et al. 1991: cf.)
Sceloporus sp. B—Spiny Lizard (Reynolds, Reynolds, et al. 1991)
Plestiodon gilberti—Gilbert's Skink (Reynolds, Reynolds, et al. 1991: cf.)
Eumeces sp.
Aspidoscelis sp.—Whiptail (Reynolds, Reynolds, et al. 1991)
Cnemidophorus sp.
Lampropeltis getula—Common Kingsnake (Reynolds, Reynolds, et al. 1991)
Masticophis sp.—Coachwhip (Reynolds, Reynolds, et al. 1991)
Pituophis catenifer—Gopher Snake (Reynolds, Reynolds, et al. 1991)
Pituophis melanoleucus
Rhinocheilus lecontei—Long-nosed Snake (Reynolds, Reynolds, et al. 1991)
Salvadora hexalepis—Western Patch-nosed Snake (Reynolds, Reynolds, et al. 1991)
Trimorphodon lambda/lyrophanes—Sonora or California Lyre Snake (Reynolds, Reynolds, et al. 1991)
Trimorphodon biscutatus. T. biscutatus has been split into several species; both the Sonora and California lyre snakes currently occur in the Kokoweef Cave region.
Crotalus sp. A—Rattlesnake (Reynolds, Reynolds, et al. 1991)
Crotalus sp. B—Rattlesnake (Reynolds, Reynolds, et al. 1991)
Aves
Centrocercus sp.—Sage Grouse (Reynolds, Reynolds, et al. 1991: ? gen.)
†Meleagris crassipes—Big-footed Turkey (Reynolds, Reynolds, et al. 1991; cf.)
Meleagris sp. cf. M. crassidens. Presumably this is a lapsis for M. crassipes.
Aechmophorus occidentalis—Western Grebe (Reynolds, Reynolds, et al. 1991)
Podiceps nigricollis—Eared Grebe (Reynolds, Reynolds, et al. 1991: cf.)
Gymnogyps californianus—California Condor (Reynolds, Reynolds, et al. 1991)
Gymnogyps cf. G. amplus
Buteo jamaicensis—Red-tailed Hawk (Reynolds, Reynolds, et al. 1991: cf.)
Fulica americana—American Coot (Reynolds, Reynolds, et al. 1991)
Megascops kennicottii—Western Screech Owl (Reynolds, Reynolds, et al. 1991: cf.)
Otus cf. O. asio
Falco mexicanus—Prairie Falcon (Reynolds, Reynolds, et al. 1991)
Falco sparverius—American Kestrel (Reynolds, Reynolds, et al. 1991)
Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus—Pinyon Jay (Reynolds, Reynolds, et al. 1991)
Oporornis sp.—Oporornis Warbler (Reynolds, Reynolds, et al. 1991: cf. gen.)
Mammalia
Ammospermophilus leucurus—White-tailed Antelope Squirrel (Reynolds, Reynolds, et al. 1991: cf.)
Callospermophilus lateralis—Golden-mantled Ground Squirrel (Reynolds, Reynolds, et al. 1991)
S[permophilus]. lateralis
Marmota flaviventris—Yellow-bellied Marmot (Reynolds, Reynolds, et al. 1991)
Otospermophilus variegatus—Rock Squirrel (Reynolds, Reynolds, et al. 1991: cf.)
S[permophilus] variegatus
Tamias sp. (small)—Chipmunk (Reynolds, Reynolds, et al. 1991)
Tamias sp. (large)—Chipmunk (Reynolds, Reynolds, et al. 1991)
Tamias minimus—Least Chipmunk (Reynolds, Reynolds, et al. 1991)
Urocitellus townsendii—Townsend's Ground Squirrel (Reynolds, Reynolds, et al. 1991)
Spermophilus townsendii. Although given here as the species recorded by (Reynolds, Reynolds, et al. 1991), modern distributions suggest the possibility of Urocitellus mollis; see the U. townsendii account.
Xerospermophilus mohavensis—Mohave Ground Squirrel (Reynolds, Reynolds, et al. 1991: ?)
Spermophilus sp. ? S. mohavensis
Chaetodipus sp.—Spiny Pocket Mice (Reynolds, Reynolds, et al. 1991)
Perognathus (Chaetodipus)
Dipodomys sp.—Kangaroo Rats (Reynolds, Reynolds, et al. 1991)
Perognathus (Perognathus) sp.—Silky Pocket Mice (Reynolds, Reynolds, et al. 1991)
Thomomys bottae—Botta's Pocket Gopher (Reynolds, Reynolds, et al. 1991)
Lemmiscus curtatus—Sagebrush Vole (Reynolds, Reynolds, et al. 1991)
Lagurus curtatus
Microtus californicus—California Vole (Reynolds, Reynolds, et al. 1991)
Neotoma cinerea—Bushy-tailed Woodrat (Reynolds, Reynolds, et al. 1991)
Neotoma cinerea or Neotoma mexicana—Bushy-tailed or Mexican Woodrat (Reynolds, Reynolds, et al. 1991)
Neotoma lepida—Desert Woodrat (Reynolds, Reynolds, et al. 1991)
Neotoma stevensi—Stephen's Woodrat (Reynolds, Reynolds, et al. 1991)
Peromyscus (Peromyscus) sp.—Peromyscus Deer Mice (Reynolds, Reynolds, et al. 1991)
Peromyscus (Haplomylomys) sp.—Haplomylomys Deer Mice (Reynolds, Reynolds, et al. 1991)
Reithrodontomys megalotis—Western Harvest Mouse (Reynolds, Reynolds, et al. 1991)
Lepus californicus—Black-tailed Jack Rabbit (Reynolds, Reynolds, et al. 1991)
Sylvilagus audubonii—Desert Cottontail (Reynolds, Reynolds, et al. 1991: cf.)
Ochotona princeps—American Pika (Reynolds, Reynolds, et al. 1991)
Notiosorex crawfordi—Crawford's Gray Shrew (Reynolds, Reynolds, et al. 1991)
Sorex (Otisorex) tenellus—Inyo Shrew (Reynolds, Reynolds, et al. 1991: ?)
Antrozous pallidus—Pallid Bat (Reynolds, Reynolds, et al. 1991)
Corynorhinus townsendii—Townsend's Big-eared Bat (Reynolds, Reynolds, et al. 1991: cf.)
Plecotus townsendii
Myotis ciliolabrum—Western Small-footed Myotis (Reynolds, Reynolds, et al. 1991)
Myotis subulatus leibii
Myotis thysanodes—Fringe-tailed Myotis (Reynolds, Reynolds, et al. 1991)
Lynx rufus—Bobcat (Reynolds, Reynolds, et al. 1991)
Canis latrans—Coyote (Reynolds, Reynolds, et al. 1991)
Urocyon cinereoargenteus—Gray Fox (Reynolds, Reynolds, et al. 1991)
Vulpes macrotis—Kit Fox (Reynolds, Reynolds, et al. 1991)
Mustela frenata—Long-tailed Weasel (Reynolds, Reynolds, et al. 1991)
Taxidea taxus—American Badger (Reynolds, Reynolds, et al. 1991)
Spilogale gracilis—Western Spotted Skunk (Reynolds, Reynolds, et al. 1991)
Spilogale putorius
Bassariscus astutus—ringtail (Reynolds, Reynolds, et al. 1991)
†Eguus conversidens—Mexican Horse (Reynolds, Reynolds, et al. 1991)
†Camelops hesternus—Yesterday's Camel (Reynolds, Reynolds, et al. 1991: cf.)
†Hemiauchenia sp.—North American Llamas (Reynolds, Reynolds, et al. 1991)
Odocoileus sp.—Deer (Reynolds, Reynolds, et al. 1991)
Antilocapra americana—Pronghorn (Reynolds, Reynolds, et al. 1991)
Ovis canadensis—Bighorn Sheep (Reynolds, Reynolds, et al. 1991)
Literature. Force 1991; Goodwin and Reynolds 1989; Reynolds, Reynolds, et al. 1991.
Last Update: 28 May 2014